1968 :: American America History

1968 "An Indignant Generation." With all its disruptions and rage, the idea of black revolution was something many white Americans could at least comprehend, if not agree with. When rebellion seized their own children, however they were almost completely at a loss. A product of the posts war "Baby Boom," nurtured in affluence and concentrated in increasing numbers on college and university campuses. It was a generation marked by an unusual degree of political awareness and cultural alienation. Some shared with the beat writers and poets of the late fifties, a deep disillusionment with this status quo, a restless yearning for something more than a "realistic" conformity. Others had been aroused by the southern sit-in movement, "The first hint," wore a contemporary, "That there was a world beyond the campus that demanded some kind of personal response. "Not so much ideological as moral, in Jessica Mitford's words, "An Indignant Generation." Although an image of arrogance, even ruthlessness, had followed him from his early days as counsel to a Senate committee investigating labor racketeering, Robert Kennedy had shown a remarkable capacity to understand the suffering of others. More than this, he had demonstrated an untiring commitment to the welfare of those who had gotten little more than the crumbs of the Great American Banquet. In fact, Kennedy Appealed most strongly to precisely those groups most disaffected with American society in nineteen sixty-eight, they believed in him with a passion unmatched for any other national political figure, in part for what he had done, but also for the kind of man he was. The collapse of communications made it impossible to determine the fate of the pacification program, but most assessments were pessimistic. When the communists launched their attacks, the government pulled nearly half of the five hundred and fifty revolutionary development teams out of the hamlets to help defend the cities, along with eighteen of the fifty-one army battalions assigned to protect the pacification teams. In so doing, Saigon abandoned the countryside and dealt the pacification program what many felt was a considerable setback. "There always was a semi vacuum in the countryside," said one United States pacification worker. "Now there's a complete vacuum." By the end of the February, orders have gone out for pacification teams and some troops to return to the hamlets, but progress was slow. Although ninety-five percent of the five thousand RD workers in the Saigon

Frog and the Nightingale Essay

The book is widely regarded as a classic in India since its first publication in 1946, and provides a broad view of Indian history, philosophy and culture, as viewed from the eyes of a liberal Indian fighting for the independence of his country. In The Discovery of India, Nehru argued that India was a historic nation with a right to sovereignty. (Calhoun, Craig, Nations Matter: Culture, History and the Cosmopolitan Dream, Routledge. In this book, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru tries to study the history of India starting from the Indus Valley Civilization, and then covers the country’s history from the arrival of the Aryans to government under the British Empire. He says that India in the past was country which lived in harmony and peace, but the entry of society evils had a very bad effect on people. The effect of these various people on Indian culture and their incorporation into Indian society is examined. This book also analyses in depth the philosophy of Indian life. This book was dedicated to the Prisoners of Ahmednagar jail. The book became the basis of the 53-episode Indian television series Bharat Ki Khoj, first broadcast in 1988. PREFACE OF THE BOOK BY JAWAHARLAL NEHRU:- This book was written by Jawaharlal Nehru in Ahmadnagar Fort prison during the five months, April to September 1944. Some of his colleagues in prison were good enough to read the manuscript and make a number of valuable suggestions. On revising the book in prison he took advantage of these suggestions and made some additions. No one, he need hardly add, is responsible for what he has written or necessarily agrees with it. But he expresses my deep gratitude to his fellow-prisoners in Ahmadnagar Fort for the innumerable talks and discussions they had, which helped him greatly to clear his own mind about various aspects of Indian history and culture. Prison is not a pleasant place to live in even for a short period, much less for long years. But it was a privilege for me to live in close contact with men of outstanding ability and culture and a wide human outlook which even the passions of the moment did not obscure. His eleven companions in Ahmadnagar Fort were an interesting cross-section of India and represented in their several ways not only politics but Indian scholarship, old and new, and various aspects of present-day India. Nearly all the principal living Indian languages, as well as the classical languages which have powerfully influenced India in the past and present, were represented and the standard was often that of high scholarship. Among the classical languages were Sanskrit and Pali, Arabic and Persian; the modern languages were Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu, Sindhi and Oriya. Jawaharlal Nehru had all this wealth to draw upon and the only limitation was his own capacity to profit by it. Though he was grateful to all his companions, he specially mentioned a few names;Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, whose vast erudition invariably delighted me but sometimes also rather overwhelmed me, Govind Ballabh Pant, Narendra Deva and M. Asaf Ali. The book remains as written in prison with no additions or changes, except for the postscript at the end. He does’nt know how other authors feel about their writings, but always he had a strange sensation when he read something that he had written some time previously. That sensation is heightened when the writing had been done in the close and abnormal atmosphere of prison and the subsequent reading has taken place outside. He could recognize it of course, but not wholly; it seems almost that he was reading some familiar piece written by another, who was near to him and yet who was different. Perhaps that is the measure of the change that had taken place in Jawaharlal Nehru So he has felt about this book also. It is his and not wholly his, as he is constituted today; it represents rather some past self of his which has already joined that long succession of other selves that existed for a while and faded away, leaving only a memory behind . Life in the Jail During his stay in the jail as a prisoner, he talked about the ruins that were there but were covered up by soil or have collapsed. He talks about a courageous, beautiful lady, named Chandbibi, who fought against akbar to protect the fort(where he was staying as prisoner). But at the end she was killed by her own army man. He asks himself that what is his ancestral gift? he discovers that, India is his ancestral gift. It is in his blood. he is the ancesteor of victories and defeats of the past kings, brave works of human from the earliest past to now. He is the heir of all these. A few of his chapters which tell about Jawaharlal Nehru’s life in prison and the various changes in India†¦ Time in Prison : The Urge to Action Time seems to change its nature in prison. The present hardly exists, for there is an absence of feeling and sensation which might separate it from the dead past. Even news of the active, living and dying world outside has a certain dream-like un-reality, an immobility and an unchangeableness as of the past. The outer objective time ceases to be, the inner and subjective sense remains, but at a lower level, except when thought pulls it out of the present and experiences a kind of reality in the past or in the future. We live, as Auguste Comte said, dead men’s lives, encased in our pasts, but this is especially so in prison where we try to find some sustenance for our starved and locked-up emotions in memory of the past or fancies of the future. There is a stillness and everlastingness about the past; it changes not and has a touch of eternity, like a painted picture or a statue in bronze or marble. Unaffected by the storms and upheavals of the present, it maintains its dignity and repose and tempts the troubled spirit and the tortured mind to seek shelter in its vaulted catacombs. There is peace there and security, and one may even sense a spiritual quality. But it is not life, unless we can find the vital links between it and the present with all its conflicts and problems. It is a kind of art for art’s sake, without the passion and the urge to action which are the very stuff of life. Without that passion and urge, there is a gradual oozing out of hope and vitality, a settling down on lower levels of existence, a slow merging into non-existence. We become prisoners of the past and some part of its immobility sticks to us. This passage of the mind is all the easier in prison where action is denied and we become slaves to the routine of jail-life. Yet the past is ever with us and all that we are and that we have comes from the past. We are its products and we live im-mersed in it. Not to understand it and feel it as something living within us is not to understand the present. To combine it with the present and extend it to the future, to break from it where it cannot be so united, to make of all this the pulsating and vibrat-ing material for thought and action—that is life. Any vital action springs from the depths of the being. All the long past of the individual and even of the race has prepared the background for that psychological moment of action. All the racial memories, influences of heredity and environment and training, subconscious urges, thoughts and dreams and actions from infancy and childhood onwards, in their curious and tremendous mix-up, inevitably drive to that new action, which again becomes yet another factor influencing the future. Influencing the future, partly determining it, possibly even largely determining it, and yet, surely, it is not all determinism. Whether there is any such thing as human freedom in the philosophic sense or whether there is only an automatic deter-minism, I do not know. A very great deal appears certainly to be determined by the past complex of events which bear down and often overwhelm the individual. Possibly even the inner urge that he experiences, that apparent exercise of free will, is itself conditioned. As Schopenhauer says, ‘a man can do what he will, but not will as he will. ‘ A belief in an absolute deter-minism seems to me to lead inevitably to complete inaction, to death in life. All my sense of life rebels against it, though of course that very rebellion may itself have been conditioned by previous events Life’s Philosophy:- The ideals and objectives of yesterday were still the ideals of to-day, but they had lost some of their lustre and, even as one seemed to go towards them, they lost the shining beauty which had warmed the heart and vitalized the body. Evil triumphed often enough, but what was far worse was the coarsening and distortion of what had seemed so right. Was human nature so essentially bad that it would take ages of training, through suffering and misfortune, before it could behave reasonably and raise man above that creature of lust and violence and deceit that he now was? And, meanwhile, was every effort to change it radically in the present or the near future doomed to failure? Ends and means: were they tied up inseparably, acting and reacting on each other, the wrong means distorting and some-times even destroying the end in view? But the right means might well be beyond the capacity of infirm and selfish human nature. What then was one to do? Not to act was a complete con-fession of failure and a submission to evil; to act meant often enough a compromise with some form of that evil, with all the untoward consequences that such compromises result in. Science does not tell us much, or for the matter of that any-thing about the purpose of life. It is now widening its boun-daries and it may invade the so-called invisible world before long and help us to understand this purpose of life in its widest sense, or at least give us some glimpses which illumine the pro-blem of human existence. The old controversy between science and religion takes a new form—the application of the scientific method to emotional and religious experiences. Some vague or more precise philosophy of life we all have, though most of us accept unthinkingly the general attitude which is characteristic of our generation and environment. Most of us accept also certain metaphysical conceptions as part of the faith in which we have grown up. How amazing is this spirit of man! In spite of innumerable failings, man, throughout the ages, has sacrificed his life and all he held dear for an ideal, for truth, for faith, for country and honour. That ideal may change, but that capacity for self-sacrifice continues, and, because of that, much may be forgiven to man, and it is impossible to lose hope for him. In the midst of disaster, he has not lost his dignity or his faith in the values he cherished. Plaything of nature’s mighty forces, less than a speck of dust in this vast universe, he has hurled defiance at the elemental powers, and with his mind, cradle of revolution, sought to master them. Whatever gods there be, there is something godlike in man, as there is also something of the devil in him. The future is dark, uncertain. But we can see part of the way leading to it and can tread it with firm steps, remembering that nothing that can happen is likely to overcome the spirit of man which has survived so many perils; remembering also that life, for all its ills, has joy and beauty, and that we can always wander; if we know how to, in the enchanted woods of nature. India’s Strength and Weaknesses:- The search for the sources of India’s strength and for her deterioration and decay is long and intricate. Yet the recent causes of that decay are obvious enough. She fell behind in the march of technique, and Europe, which had long been backward in many matters, took the lead in technical progress. Behind this technical progress was the spirit of science and a bubling life and spirit which displayed itself in many activities and in ad-venturous voyages of discovery. New techniques gave military strength to the countries of western Europe, and it was easy for them to spread out and dominate the East. That is the story not only of India, but of almost the whole of Asia. Why this should have happened so is more difficult to unravel, for India was not lacking in mental alertness and technical skill in earlier times. One senses a progressive deterioration during centuries. The urge to life and endeavour becomes less, the crea-tive spirit fades away and gives place to the imitative. Where triumphant and rebellious thought had tried to pierce the my-steries of nature and the universe, the wordy commentator comes with his glosses and long explanations. Magnificent art and sculpture give way to meticulous carving of intricate detail without nobility of conception or design. The vigour and rich-ness of language, powerful yet simple, are followed by highly ornate and complex literary forms. The urge to adventure and the overflowing life which led to vast schemes of distant coloni-zation and the transplantation of Indian culture in far lands: all these fade away and a narrow orthodoxy taboos even the crossing of the high seas. A rational spirit of inquiry, so evident in earlier times, which might well have led to the further growth of science, is replaced by irrationalism and a blind idolatory of the past. Indian life becomes a sluggish stream, living in the past, moving slowly through the accumulations of dead centuries. The heavy burden of the past crushes it and a kind of coma seizes it. It is not surprising that in this condition of mental stupor and physical weariness India should have deteriorated and remained rigid and immobile, while other parts of the world marched ahead. Every people and every nation has some such belief or myth of national destiny and perhaps it is partly true in each case. Being an Indian I am myself influenced by this reality or myth about India, and I feel that anything that had the power to mould hundreds of generations, without a break, must have drawn its enduring vitality from some deep well of strength, and have had the capacity to renew that vitality from age to age. No people, no races remain unchanged. Continually they are mixing with others and slowly changing; they may appear to die almost and then rise again as a new people or just a variation of the old. There may be a definite break between the old people and the new, or vital links of thought and ideals may join them. History has numerous instances of old and well-established civilizations fading away or being ended suddenly, and vigor-ous new cultures taking their place. Is it some vital energy, sonic inner source of strength that gives life to a civilization or a people, without which all effort is ineffective, like the vain attempt of an aged person to plav the part of a youth? Behind the past quarter of a century’s struggle for India’s independence and all our conflicts with British authority, lay in my mind, and that of many others, the desire to revitalize India. We felt that through action and self-imposed suffering and sacri-fice, through voluntarily facing risk and danger, through refusal to submit to what we considered evil and wrong, would we re-charge the battery of India’s spirit and waken her from her long slumber. Though we came into conflict continually with the British Government in India, our eyes were always turned towards our own people. Political advantage had value only in so far as it helped in that fundamental purpose of ours. Because of this govern-ing motive, frequently we acted as no politician, moving in the narrow sphere of politics only, would have done, and foreign and Indian critics expressed surprise at the folly and intransigence of our ways. Whether we were foolish or not, the historians of the future will judge. We aimed high and looked far. Probably we were often foolish, from the point of view of opportunist politics, but at no time did we forget that our main purpose was to raise the whole level of the Indian people, psychologically and spiritually and also, of course, politically and economically. It was the building up of that real inner strength of the people that we were after, knowing that the rest would inevitably follow. We had to wipe out some generations of shameful subservience and timid submission to an arrogant alien authority. Epilogue of the book:- Jawaharlal Nehru has covered a thousand hand-written pages with a jumble of ideas in his mind. He travelled in the past and peeped into the future and sometimes tried to balance himself on that ‘point of intersection of the timeless with time. His life has been full of happenings in the world and the war has advanced rapidly towards a triumphant conclusion,so far as military victories go. In his own country also much has happened of which he could be only a distant spectator, and waves of unhappiness have sometimes temporarily swept over me and passed on. Because of this business of thinking and trying to give some expression to his thoughts, he has drawn myself away from the piercing edge of the present and moved along the wider expanses of the past and the future. The discovery of India—what had he discovered? It was presumptuous of him to imagine that he could unveil India and find out what India is to-day and what it was in the long past. To-day India is four hundred million separate individual men and women, each differing from the other, each living in a private universe of though and feeling. If this is so in the present, how much more difficult is it to grasp that multitudinous past of innumerable successions of human beings. Yet something has bound them together and binds them still. India is a geographical and economic entity, a cultural unity amidst diversity, a bundle of contradictions held together by strong but invisible threads.

Guidance Notes for Unit Essay

Guidance for developing unit assessment arrangements – provided with the QCF unit Current and relevant legislation and policies as appropriate to UK Home Nation. Impact of professional relationships e.g.: †¢ power relationships †¢ dealing with an employed professional †¢ feelings of powerlessness †¢ uncertainties about how to behave and relate. Equalities legislation as appropriate to UK Home Nation. Additional unit assessment requirements provided with the QCF unit Learning outcomes 3 and 4 must be assessed in a realwork environment. Unit needs to be assessed in line with the Skills for Care and Development QCF Assessment Principles. Unit assessment guidance – provided by CACHE Learning outcomes 3 and 4 must be assessed in real work environments by a qualified vocationally competent assessor. SCMP3 Professional practice in children and young peoples social care SCMP3-1.1 Explain how current and relevant legislation and policy affects work with children and young people. Current and relevant legislation and policies include: EYFS 2014 – supports settings to deliver high quality integrated early educaitonOFSTED Welfare standards of care in EY framework National guidance developemtal matters Nutritional guidance Eat Better start better SEN code of practice Children’s Act 1986,2004, 2006 Safeguarding: set out principles to guard and promote welfare of children and young people Key functions that they set out is to achieve daily activities with the child to maximise their opportunities whilst minimising the risk In settings – management liaise with other professionals. All staff are trained and monitoring takes place to ensure procedures are in place and followed SCMP3-1.2 Describe the impact of social care standards and codes of practice on work with children and young people. SCMP3-1.3 Explain the importance  of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). SCMP3- 2.1 Explain the responsibilities of a: corporate parent  professional carer. SCMP3-2.2 Explain what is meant by a ∆duty of care’. SCMP3-2.3 Analyse the impact of professional relationships on children and young people. SCMP3-2.4 Give examples of poor practice and unprofessional conduct that may impact on outcomes for children and young people. SCMP3-2.5 Explain the actions to take where poor practice and unprofessional conduct are having a negative impact on outcomes for children and young people. SCMP3-3.1 Explain the professional responsibility to maintain current and competent practice. SCMP3-3.2 Engage with professional supervision in order to improve practice. SCMP3-3.3 Seek, and learn from, feedback on own practice from colleagues and children and young people. SCMP3-3.4 Explain the importance of understanding the limits of personal competence and when to seek advice. SCMP3-4.1 Demonstrate how to respect and value the professional competence and contribution of colleagues. SCMP3-4.2 Explain own rights and expectations as a professional and how to assert them. SCMP3-5.1 Explain how current equalities legislation affects work with children, young people and families. SCMP3-5.2 Identify examples of good practice in promoting equality and explain how and why they are effective. SCMP3-6.1 Explain what is meant by diversity. SCMP3-6.2 Explain what is meant by anti-discriminatory practice giving examples of how it is applied in practice with children, young people and families. SCMP3-6.3 Describe the effects of discrimination and explain the potential results for children and young people.

Annotated Bibliography Essay

1.) How do we choose which laws are just and which ones are not? – Unjust laws are those that intentionally prohibit the person’s civil liberties, according to the articles. 2.) What laws do you see that would fit the model for what king would call unjust? – Thanks to Dr. King and other people who have impacted the past of civil rights problems I don’t see many examples of unjust laws. The use of Marijuana is encouraged to be used in some religions, although in this country it is illegal. Think of some unjust things you have witnessed and failed to act on. 1.) Had you acted on it alone, would your involvement have changed anything? – No, I would have been out numbered and possibly put myself and my children in harms way. 2.) What if we all reacted too swiftly and jointly to matter of injustice? – If most individuals would react too swiftly in a situation they would make irrational decisions and not take the time to think the situation through. 3.) How does the act of exercising of our first amendment rights, especially when we work together, help to shape the world we live in? – The problem is too many people expect other people to fix their problems, so it may be difficult to encourage many of them to use their first amendment rights. If we could get to a point of a group of people working together then yes I do feel that we would be able to decide on a reasonable, legal conclusion. 4.) How did the Occupy Wall Street Movement (OWS) use civil disobedience to  further its cause? – They worked together and came up with their solution which wouldn’t cause any more situations or violence and hostility. 5.) Considering the outcomes associated with the OWS Movement, could we claim that the days of effective civil disobedience are over? – No, in my opinion most large events that have large outcomes tend to occur at least once again in the future with double the power. Annotated bibliography Essay The violence portrayed in the media tends to make the public more aggressive and susceptible to violence by the simple factor of imitation. Moreover, due to the amount of violence exposure, the public ends up having a falsified idea of the world in which they live. Media violence has always been an emerging topic. We live in a world in which media is present in our everyday lives; whether we are watching the news, or watching a film, listening to a song, or even playing a video game. Many studies have showed a clear correlation between the amount of violence exposure and the aggressive and violent behaviour reflected in a certain individual. Moreover, after being constantly exposed to violent contents, the public ends up believing the world is a cruel and unsecure place. This topic is therefore very interesting to pursue and study in order to have a better understanding of it. The research I will follow will help show whether the media is in fact affecting the users’ minds and behaviors. Before taking on the topic I picked, I decided to go to the library to find relevant sources discussing violence in the media. I was sure to find credible and accurate sources from the AUD database, as all the articles are peer-reviewed. Moreover, as I am a media student in the school of communications and information studies, I am currently reading a book available at the library, entitled â€Å"Media, Culture and Society† by author Paul Hodkinson. It was interesting to find a section discussing television violence. There was also an interesting experiment led by Albert Bandura in order to study the behavioral effect that media violence has on the population. These sources would be extremely beneficial and useful to my research paper. Moreover, I was impressed by the great number of journal articles discussing this specific topic, and they were easy to find on the AUD database entitled Expanded Academic ASAP. I also managed to find many online sources on search engines such as Google. However, it was hard to evaluate the reliability and credibility of the sources as some important information were missing, such as the author’s name, and the date the article was published. Therefore, I chose to include only a few specific electronic sources, the ones that seemed most accurate to me. Finally, I thought it would be interesting to do a short survey consisting of questions such as the amount of TV consumed daily, the video games played, the most violent movie ever watched, if they were ever in a fight. However, my survey cannot be part of my paper as the people I  targeted were classmates, and were in majority highly educated and media literate; therefore, the media they consumed is not believed to make them more aggressive. Annotated bibliography Callahan, Sidney. â€Å"What We See, We Do: Violence and the Media.† Commonweal 123.1 (1996): 6+. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. Describes how people learn violent behaviour by seeing it enacted. States that even children who are not directly affected by aggression learn the behavior and remember how it’s done. They end up having a tendency of imitating the act of violence. Claims â€Å"people psychologically accept and become what they see through the media†. This article would be interesting for my paper as it highlights the power of media and the power of imitation. Diorio, Geri. â€Å"The Mean World Syndrome: Media Violence & the Cultivation of Fear.† School Library Journal Dec. 2010: 61. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. This documentary portrays media scholar George Gerbner who explains his theory concerning the effects of being exposed to high levels of media violence. Gerbner believes that the public is in constant thought that the world is a cruel place; the public therefore always feels insecure. The documentary discusses a study showing some statistics on crimes rates and people’s beliefs on the number of crimes occurring every year. It would be interesting to discuss this study in my paper. Gentile, Douglas A., and David A. Walsh. â€Å"A Validity Test of Movie, Television, and Video-Game Ratings.† Pediatrics June 2001: 1302. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. Discusses movie, television and video-game ratings. Indicates that parent ratings and industry ratings differ regarding the amount of violent content and portrayals of violence. Proposes that industry ratings systems should be revised with the help of professional communities to improve their reliability. Based on secondary sources. This article would be interesting for my paper as it shows that the ratings are not fully credible, and many people manage to trespass them. Hodkinson, Paul. Media, Culture and Society: An Introduction. London: SAGE, 2011. Print. A section in the book, entitled â€Å"Bobo Dolls and short-term behavioural effects† undertakes an experiment led by Albert Bandura who is influenced by the social learning theory, â€Å"which focuses on the capacity of individuals to learn behaviours by observing others†. This experiment is therefore useful and interesting for my paper as it takes on a valid study. Lemish, Dafna. â€Å"‘Will This Happen to Me?’ Children’s Exposure to Disaster, Violence in the News.† Gateway Journalism Review (2013): 10+. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. Examines children’s exposure to violence in the news. States that children and young people are audiences too and are frequently exposed to news voluntarily or accidently. They end up having a very negative image of the world the live in. The author discusses her point of view and gives accurate examples that would be useful for my paper. Markey, Patrick M., and Kelly Scherer. â€Å"An Examination of Psychoticism and Motion Capture Controls As Moderators of the Effects of Violent Video Games.† Computers in Human Behavior 25.2 (2009): 407+. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. Examines the potential moderating effects of motion capture technology and participants’ own level of psychoticism on their hostility and aggressive thoughts after playing violent video games. Shows that participants with elevated levels of psychoticism are much more affected by violent video games than other participants. Provides factual information based on formal studies. â€Å"Media Violence.† Pediatrics June 1995: 949+. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. Describes the role of pediatricians in the entertainment industry and the media. Proposes that pediatricians collaborate with TV stations and networks to limit children’s exposure to violent content and counsel parents to monitor their children’s TV viewing habits by limiting them to a few hours. Based on secondary sources and provides information from formal studies. Nikkelen, Sanne W. C., et al. â€Å"Media Violence and Children’s ADHD-Related Behaviors: A Genetic Susceptibility Perspective.† Journal of Communication 64.1 (2014): 42+. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. Provides insight into the role of genetic factors in media effects. Examines the relationship between media violence exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and states genetic disposition as a possible cause of individual differences in children’s use of and susceptibility to media violence. It would be interesting to mention in my paper how genetics can also be a factor in media effects. Swani, Kunal, Marc G. Weinberger, and Charles S. Gulas. â€Å"The Impact of Violent Humor on Advertising Success: A Gender Perspective.† Journal of Advertising Oct.-Dec. 2013: 308+. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. Examines this convergence of humor and physical violence in advertising. Provides two studies of the responses of men and women to violence in humorous advertising. The results suggest there may be risk in the use of aggression with female audiences and that such gender effects can be explained by differences in men’s and women’s perceptions of humor and violations of social norms. Accurate examples and statistics are given based on multiple studies. Tompkins, Aimee. â€Å"The Psychological Effects of Violent Media on Children.† The Psychological Effects of Violent Media on Children. AllPsych Journal, 14 Dec. 2003. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. Examines the correlation between aggressive behaviour and exposure to media violence. States that violent video games have a greater impact than television as the participant is acting out the violence instead of simply watching it, he/she ends up identifying with it and performing it r egardless of the consequences. . Gives specific news coverage examples on violent acts such as crimes, which would be extremely useful for my paper.

Buyer Behavior

Consumer behaviour is commonly described as the study of the factors that determine purchase of consumer goods. The analysis of such factors attempts to find out why, when, where, how and what individual do or don’t to purchase certain goods. Generally it is very difficult to evaluate how people come to make certain decision though peripherally it appears to be obvious. For this reason, researchers have affirmed that there are several elements that play part in the overall buyer behaviour and cover a variety of subjects including sociology, psychology, anthropology, and economics among others.The customer needs and requirements are the central determinant of the purchase of goods, however with the current development in technology (communication and diversity of production), people have a variety of choices to pick from and for one to be able to win customers, he/she should produce the products that meet the specific customer demands, affordable and are convenient. Manipulatin g the customers psychology can be of great impact on the business as one can perceive what the customers want and design exactly that and therefore win a lot of customers.Buyer Decision Making The marketers are usually faced with great problem when designing the most appropriate promotion strategy to win customers to their businesses. This calls for research to find out the consumer behaviour so that market planning can be properly design (Klopper et al 2006), Unilever for instance, have constantly used its logo on all the goods because the reputation of the company is well known and intimately associated with the logo.The decision making process of the customers is the main focus because this is what determines whether the customer will purchase the product or not (Dibb & Simkin 2001). It also assists to design the marketing plan. Marketing is a very important aspect of business venture since the main aim of any business is to make profits. The process of planning and implementing the concept of price, promotion and supply of products and services is very complex and requires a plan; market planning.Marketers use a variety of means to describe how, when and where information on a product is presented to the customer. The purpose is to convince the customer to purchase the product and successful market plan creates the wish to buy hence the marketer needs to understand the likes, dislikes and expectations of consumers (Shaw & Semenik 1999). Market plan assess the customers in terms of demographic variables and behavioural changeable aspects.Research from previous has indicated that the consumer purchase behaviours are usually predisposed by the following factors; personal, psychological, cultural and social factors. It has been found that the interaction of these factors influence the customers to develop certain characteristic behaviour like brand preference or product loyalty. These factors are therefore very important for the marketers because they can use them to manipulate clients and end up with a lot of customers coming for their products or services.Though most of the factors cannot be directly manipulated by the marketers, understanding of the buyer decision process and the impact of these factors on the customers can be very beneficial in developing a marketing mix for their business and designed to appeal to the preferences of the target clients (Dibb & Simkin 2001). It has been established that before the purchase of a product or service, a customer goes through a process of making a decision.For easy understanding and analysis of the process of decision making, the process has been categorized into five stages; recognizing the problem, looking for other information, analysis of alternatives or substitutes, the actual buying decision and post buying behaviour (Shaw & Semenik 1999). The duration of the decision making process always very depending on personality and this range is described from the routinely buying practice to some degree of problem solving and more wide-ranging and far-reaching problem solving dealing.Due to interaction and the increase in communication technology, consumers get to exchange information and also get a variety of data from different sources which mean there is a lot of external influence on the decision one makes. For these reason, people do not act in seclusion in the buying process rather, their decision id influenced by several factors and people in the environment. The amount of influence gets complicated in the buying decision when a lot of people get involved and hence does the purchase decision by the customer (Howard & Sheth 1999).The decision to purchase and the actual purchase is powerfully controlled by the cultural, social, psychological and personal distinctiveness. These factors can be blended and used by a marketer to create the correct appeal for the customers. The decision making process can hence be interfered with at different levels and the outcome cou ld be that the customer gets to by the product without too much complexity (Shaw & Semenik 1999) Problem Identification: this is the difference between the perceived ideal desire for something and the actual situation of having to obtain the product.If the difference is greater enough, it is likely to evoke purchase of the product and this is described as the deficit in assortment of goods. For instance, a feeling of hunger is likely to inspire purchase of food because hunger can stimulate someone to eat. In this way, a company like Unilever can utilize this first step and stimulate purchase by an advert that create the idea that a customer is deficient, like the need to be beautiful using the Dove beauty products. This can inspire one to purchase dove as the ads usually uses model.Search of Information: this is a ways of obtaining information about the product about to be purchased and it is usually done in two ways i. e. internal search and external search. The internal search is when somebody relies on memory to remember past encounter with the product or the brand; this is usually used for regularly purchased goods and services. The external search is also a source of influence as one gets the information from friends and relatives, public sources like adverts, consumer reports, comparison during shopping etc.when a marketer clearly understands the importance of this stage in the purchase decision, he or she can present a lot of information (marketer dominated) in items like adverts, salesmen, website among other (Dibb & Simkin 2001). If Unilever uses several adverts that will capture the customer’s eye, it is likely to be remembered during this stage of decision making and leads to a positive response when one has to buy dove beauty products. Analysis of Substitutes (alternatives): this is the stage when the customer gets to set the criteria for buying.Under correct understanding of the decision making process, marketer can be able to establish bra nd name reputation and these brand name could easily fall in the clients criteria (Klopper et al 2006). Another important aspect here is to develop and win the customer worth notion. Unilever logo is very popular and since the reputation of the company is well established, it can form a very good basis for marketing against competitors like Lux, Lava and Ivory.The Buying Decision: a purchase decision is very critical to both the marketer and the client especially where to buy and is usually based on term of sale, previous knowledge of the product from the seller and return policy. When to purchase can be determined by appropriateness of the shop, store atmosphere and the time factor (Howard & Sheth 1999). Other factors in consideration when marketing include the product type, mode of packaging, and the means of purchase (online or physical etc).The Actual Buying: this can be altered by product availability and therefore, for a company to win customers over there competitors, they sh ould ensure that the products are always in the stores (Klopper et al 2006). Post Purchase Analysis: after acquiring the product, customers usually make comparisons of the actual effects and the expected outcome. From these, the product can be concluded as being satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Many companies are working very hard to ensure positive post purchase impact which will result in repeat purchase (Howard & Sheth 1999).Unilever can use follow up calls and sales people to convince the clients that they made the correct decision. This will help to manage the cognitive dissonance that is usually experienced and is characterized by tense moments and feeling of anxiety. Consumer Behaviour Theories Consumer behaviour theories are attempts to give explanations as to why customers usually behave in a certain way and not the other and is basically the basis used by marketers to make their marketing mix in what is called marketing theory.The basic buyer behaviour theory was postulated by Abraham Maslow, and this was based on the priority or the necessity of products and services and it mainly applies to the consumer goods. The second theory applies to merchandise or the industrial goods. This theory addresses the typical behaviour of buyers of organisational products or merchandise for business (Howard 1993). Essentially, there are four characteristic types of buyer behaviour as explained by the buyer behaviour theories and the categorization is determined by the kind good or services intended for purchase.The aim of the theories is to give answers to the following questions about customers; who? How? When? Where? And why do they buy? The buying behaviours are (Howard 1993); 1. Complex behaviour- this is the situation where a customer buys very expensive brand and inquires for more information prior to real purchasing. 2. Habitual buyer – this is when a client gets used to buying certain goods and regularly purchases them as a habit like newspapers etc. 3 . Variety seeking behaviour- this is when the customer develops the habit of shopping around for purposes of making comparisons and experimenting new products.This kind of client can shop different brands of the product say bread, cosmetics etc. 4. Dissonance reducing behaviour- these are buyers who get to do shopping because it is tasking or occasional. There is not greater influence by characteristics like branding, for instance the purchase of a gold chain. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory This theory explains what motivates people to purchase goods and the analysis is based on the priority or rather the necessity of the products or services to be purchased.In his theory, Abraham Maslow suggests that people will target to meet their primary needs first which include hunger and thirst (this is psychological classification) (Howard 1993). When these necessities are adequately satisfied, then the individuals can move to the next step of the hierarchy, i. e. the safety requi rements where main concern is the job security and the assurance that they will have regular income. The social needs come next and they are the need to be loved, this is a general human yearning and individuals will work hard to attain this sense of belonging.Self esteem comes next and this is the need to be recognised in terms of status quo and social class in the society, e. g. wearing branded shirts. Self actualization is the top most level of human needs and it is when an individual has achieved the most out of life, a point of life fulfilment (Howard & Sheth 1999). One can wonder that how can this concept help Unilever to market its products? Generally, marketing is meant to ensure that goods are sold and that they meet customers’ demands. The Maslow theory suggests that the individuals need keep on changing as they strive along hierarchy of needs to achieve self actualization.Unilever stores can store products that meet the esteem needs (particularly Dove beauty produc ts). This concept is therefore very important to marketers (Dibb & Simkin 2001). The theory of buying merchandise is more like the Maslow’s theory only that it does not include so much of the behavioural aspects. The theory works at macro-level and does not take into consideration how the retailers manage their business, the profits and hence it is of no big use to Unilever Company. Recommendations and Conclusions The two important marketing strategies are developing a marketing plan and carrying a market research.Developing the format of a marketing plan is the first step in making a marketing strategy. The plan should include; the objective and business mission; situation Analysis; the aims of the marketing strategy; strategic and tactical procedures; the budget and means of analyzing performance; and contingencies. The first step is to describe the challenge i. e. product to be marketed; in this case, the products are sandwiches, cold and hot drinks. Situation analyses inc lude several aspects, competitor analysis, SWOT analysis, company analysis and customer analysis (consumer behaviour).Customers are a very critical element of any business venture and during market planning it is very important to carry out a market research about customer information including purchasing habits, type of customers, number of customer, and concentration of customers centre for certain products etc. Competition can be overcome by optimizing on the opportunities, maximizing the strengths and eliminating the weaknesses. All these are obtained through market research analysis of market segmentation and position.Unilever can greatly influence customers to purchase Dove beauty products by the process known as market concepts which can be derived from buyer behaviour. References Dibb. S & Simkin L. (2001). Marketing Briefs. A Revision and Study Guide. Butterworth-Heinemann Howard J. A (1993). Marketing: Executive and Buyer Behaviour. Columbia University Press Howard J. A & Sheth J. N (1999). The Theory of Buyer Behaviour. Wiley Klopper H. B et al (2006). Marketing. Fresh Perspectives. Pearson South Africa. Shaw R. T & Semenik R. J (1999). Marketing. South Western Publishing Company.

Saudi Arabia's Oil Impact on World Economy Research Paper

Saudi Arabia's Oil Impact on World Economy - Research Paper Example The establishment of Saudi Arabia Historically, the development of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia has been closely associated with the political events that led to the establishment of the state. Most oil exporting countries in developing world historically entrusted their mining operations to national companies, mainly because of lack of adequate capacity to embark on the process and Saudi Arabia is not an exception. The building of Saudi Arabia state differs from other neighboring states in the region such as Iraq and Turkey. According to Huyette (1985), Saudi Arabia is a relatively new state founded in 1932 following the merger of Hejaz and Nejd kingdoms. Islam, one of the major religions in the world originated from Saudi Arabia in the early 7th century (David and Johns, 1982). One of the most distinguishing characteristics of the country is its homogenous Arab population, which has enabled development of an indigenous political system that has ruled the country for many years without significant foreign influence. According to Huyette (1985), Arabs originated from Saudi Arabia and historically, the Ottoman Empire was the only foreign influence in the country. Although most of the current Saudi Arabian territory was under the Ottoman Empire, its influence in the country remained minimal especially in the interior. ... The poor control of the Saudi Arabia territory by Ottoman Empire resulted into the emergence of Wahhabism, a Saudi dynasty in the mid 18th century. The Saudi dynasty headed by the indigenous Al Saud family established the current Saudi Arabian territory and the dynastic rule that continues up to date (David and Johns 1982). Abdul Aziz a ruler of the Al Saud family established the current Saudi Arabian country after seizing the control of Nejd kingdom and Al Hasa region from the Ottoman Empire and King Al Rashid. The vast oil deposits were later discovered the in Al Hasa region, which included the Persian Gulf (Vitalis, 2007). Therefore, the formation of Saudi Arabian country resulted from a gradual process of reunification, where the local Al Saud rulers fought and defeated the indigenous rulers, and seized the conquered territories that were later united to form the current Saudi Arabia. Turkey did not enjoy indigenous political process such as Saudi Arabia. Historically, different empires, including the Hittite, Persian, Roman, and the Byzantine empires governed Turkey (Lloyd, 1999). Later in 13 century, the country fell under the Ottoman Empire. When the Ottoman Empire declined in the 17th century, involvement of European countries such as Russia, France and Britain greatly influenced the formation of the Turkish state. Turkey was formally formed in 1923 and radical reforms undertaken to modernize the new country (Lloyd, 1999). Administrative structures established by the Ottoman Empire such as ottoman sultanate and caliphate were banned and replaced with modern political and economic reforms. In addition, the country secularized its society from

Database Design Concepts British Insurance Company Assignment

Database Design Concepts British Insurance Company - Assignment Example The second screenshot illustrates the working of the function "Add new customer". When the system admin will click on the "Add new customer", he will be redirected to this page. The page will inquire about the following details. System Admin can also upload the picture of a customer. Once all the details have been provided, the admin will click on the "save" button in order to record the details in the database. The third screenshot illustrates the working of the Product's Section. When the system administrator will click on the "Products" button located at the in the main panel, he will be redirected to the Product's Section. Here, the admin will be able to add new Products, view existing Products, make a web search to update the product's details and delete a Product. An admin will also be able to perform a Product related search in the search box provided at the bottom of the page. When the admin will click on any of the buttons, he will be redirected to the related page.  Ã‚   Screenshot 2: This Screenshot shows the working of the Product module. A manager or admin of the system can add the new product, view existing products, delete a product or make a web search to gather details for the product through the buttons on the page. A manager or admin can also make a search for any query regarding the product to make a quick search. Screenshot 3 When the admin clicks on the button "Add new customer", he will be redirected to the "Add new customer" page. The admin has to enter the mentioned details and click on the "Save" button in order to create a new customer account. Task 2A: Data Dictionary: Table Field Type Field Size Field Description Customer Text Up to 500 characters The details of the customers will be stored in the Customer table Product Memo Up To 64,000 characters The details of the customers will be stored in the Customer table Quotation Text Up to 1000 characters The quotations made by the advisors will be saved in the quotations table Advisor T ext Up to 255 characters Names of the advisors will be saved in the advisor table Task 2B: The tool used to create the ER diagram is Microsoft Visio. ER Diagram: 5 entities have been considered in the ER diagram. The product entity contains the following attributes; Description, Product No., and Name. The Database Admin entity contains the following attribute; ID Number. The Customer entity contains the following attributes; Name, reg no, age, address, contract number, date and advisor. The quotation entity contains the following attributes; reg no, client name, advisor name, estimate, and date. Similarly, the web search entity will make searches for a product from the internet in order to update the details of a product.